Seoul Forum Interview with Prof. Michio Kaku
Interviewer: Jaeseung Jeong, Ph.D.
Bio of Prof. Jaeseung Jeong
Prof. Jaeseung Jeong is currently an Associate Professor at the Department of Bio and Brain Engineering in Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in Daejeon, South Korea. He graduated and received a Ph.D. from the Department of Physics at KAIST with a thesis on computational modeling of Alzheimer's brains. He was a postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Psychiatry in Yale University School of Medicine (New Haven, CT, USA) and was an Assistant Professor at the Department of Psychiatry in Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, NY, USA. He was awarded as one of 2009 Young Global leaders from World Economic Forum (WEF, a.k.a. Davos Forum) and received several academic awards from International Neuroscience and Physics communities. His main research topics include human decision-making, brain dynamics and brain-robot interface (BRI). He is also working on Neuroeconomics, Neuromarketing and Neuroesthestics. He has several national bestseller books on ¡®science and society¡¯ in Asian countries including South Korea, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong SAR. He is also interested in and has been working on social innovation based on Collective intelligence, Pro Bono, and Social Network Service (SNS).
http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/02/science-south-korea
http://www.weforum.org/young-global-leaders/jeong-jaeseung/index.html?link=no
Questions & Answers (* ÇÑ±Û ¹ø¿ªÀº ¹ø¿ª Àü¹®°¡ÀÇ ¹ø¿ª.)
Q. You have been recognized as a prominent expert on theoretical physics, especially string field theory, in Korea. And you have a large body of fans from your books for many years. Have you ever communicated with Korean fans or scientists so far?
A. So far, I have lectured in many parts of the world, but not in Korea, so I am looking forward to my first visit later this month. (But my books and TV shows are available in Korea, esp. through the internet.)
Q. Many physicists envy you about your communication skill with the public when you explain difficult concepts of theoretical physics based on analogy and examples. How did you have that talent or learn it? What do you think is your core competence as a good teacher?
A. When I was a child, I was fascinated by the story that Einstein, the greatest scientist of our era, could not finish his last and greatest theory, his Unified Field Theory. But whenever I went to the library to find out more about his pathbreaking work, I found nothing. Absolutely nothing. It was so frustrating. So I made a vow: that when I become a theoretical physicist, I would at least find some time to write books for myself, i.e. for young people like me, who were frustrated every time they went to the library and found nothing about the cutting edge of science. So I basically have an audience in mind for my books: I write for myself as a young man. These are the books that I would have loved to have read as a child.
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Q. Now you are a futurist beyond a physicist, which is quite rare case. Are your career and thought process as a physicist helpful for your research activity as a futurist?
A. Yes. Being a physicist, I look to see the essence behind any new technology, which is usually a basic law of physics. Whether we are talking about DNA, computers, space travel, etc. there is always a law physics at the core of these technologies. So being a physicist, I can immediately see which technologies are impossible, plausible, or very possible. Sometimes, reading the predictions made by other futurists, I cringe, because they often get the laws of physics upside down. Understanding physics, you begin to know how and when certain technologies will be possible.
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Q. As a futurist, what is your strategy to forecast possible futures? (We'll ask the question in a different way: What will we experience on this morning in 2045?)
A. It is impossible to accurately predict the future. But the closest we can come is to interview the top scientists who are inventing the future in their laboratories. So my basic strategy is: I cheat. I bring a camera crew or microphone into the labs of these top scientists and let them tell the audience how their inventions will change society.
In 2045, for example, we will mentally control all the millions of computer chips hidden around us. We will turn on the lights, access the web, write e-mails and letters, call for our car, make breakfast, contact our friends, operate household appliances, all with the power of the mind. The internet will be in our contact lens, so we will access infinite information just by blinking. When we go to the bathroom, we will have more computer power in our medicine cabinet than in a modern hospital of today (i.e. we will have pocket-sized MRI machines next to our toothbrush). When we use the sink or toilet, sensors will detect cancer cells from perhaps a few hundred cancer cells in a colony in our body, giving us advance warning, so the word ¡°tumor¡± will disappear from everyday language.
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Q. And what is your vision for the future? Is it more human or not? As we get a better handle on genetic technologies, won't there be more of an urge to create designer babies?
A. Today, gene therapy has had several setbacks, so the dream of modifying the genetic heritage of the human race has dimmed, but no doubt one day gene therapy will be possible. (Laws may have to be passed eventually to prevent people from changing our genes for purely cosmetic and trivial reasons.)
(On a much larger time scale, we must inevitably change our genome. Eventually we must leave the earth, at least before the sun consumes the earth in a fiery cataclysm 5 billion years from now. If we leave the earth, we must genetically change ourselves to adjust to any new environment that we inhabit in space.)
My vision of the future that that we will become a Type I civilization, harnessing all planetary power (e.g. controlling the weather) by the year 2100. (Beyond that, a Type II civilization can control a star, and a Type III civilization can control the energy of a galaxy). On this cosmic scale, we are a Type O civilization, using the power of dead plants (e.g. oil and coal). The transition from a Type O to a Type I civilization will be the greatest transition in the history of civilization.
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Q. I was very impressed by your comment: 'Eternal Life Does Not Violate the Laws of Physics.' Will we eventually be able to conquer death? Would you explain it more in detail?
A. The Fountain of Youth, which intrigued scores of emperors and kings for thousands of years, was never found. Instead, science has given us several real possibilities for immortality, all of which are well within the laws of physics.
Although the law of ¡°entropy¡± (i.e. that total disorder and chaos must increase) tells us that things must get old, decay, rust, fall apart, and rot, this process can be reversed if you add energy from the outside. That is why evolution can create increasingly sophisticated species in spite of entropy. So there are several possibilities for immortality in the coming decades and centuries. The first is biologic, isolating the molecular and genetic mechanisms that cause cells to decay. Biotechnology is isolating many of the genes which, when damaged, seem to cause the aging process. Although much more work has to be done.
Second, is mechanical, i.e. creating a copy of ourselves using computers. In the short term, we may have a ¡°library of souls,¡± where you go to the library and have an intelligent conversation with many of the great historical figures of the past, or your ancestors, because all the knowledge of their lives, including emotions, personality, etc. have been encoded. Beyond that, we may have a disk called the ¡°connectome¡± containing all our brain¡¯s neural pathways, which includes our memories and sensations. When we die, our genome and connectome will survive, forever, so that we might be one day resurrected digitally. In other words, we are reducing our soul to information so that we can once again walk the earth after we die.
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